Home Reader S Preference Of Tamil Periodicals A Study

HOME READER’S PREFERENCE IN TAMIL PERIODICALS : A STUDY INTRODUCTION: The mass media has great potentiality in influencing and moulding the opinions of the people in developing countries where the susceptibility of people is found to be great. The primary reason for susceptibility has been illiteracy or semi literacy perpetuated by under development. First, the illiterates and semi literates living in â€Å"quasi immersion in reality† have not been able to form firm opinions on many subjects, which have set the ground for the persuasive power of the mass media. Any mass media stimulates interaction in primary groups such as the family. Interaction has, therefore, been greater in Indian society which mostly comprises of peasant nuclear families and joint families. Thirdly, the mass media itself, especially the print media, becomes the â€Å"text book† for many neo-literates and semi literates. Finally, the mass media in developing countries provide the â€Å" symbolized models† which form the materials for â€Å"obser vational learning â€Å" promoting â€Å" imitation â€Å" and â€Å" identification†. John Culkin has rightly observed that â€Å"Each media has its own language, audience, methods of production, economics and distribution. Each must be judged within these limits†. The Tamil periodical has had a significant history spread over 164 years since the publication of a monthly, the Tamil Magazine, in 1831, though it suffered discontinuity for nearly fifty years during the formativeShow MoreRelatedConsumer Buying Behaviour of Magazines7993 Words   |  32 Pagessubsided, therefore impartial reporting is a major feature of the Indian Print Media. The news you get through these outlets cannot be any truer. The newspaper with the largest Circulation in India is Dainik Jagran, having near about Two million readers. Next comes Times of India, an English newspaper, followed by Dainik Bhaskar, another Hindi Newspaper. India has a lot of regional newspapers and magazines as well in a lot of languages. Therefore there is something out there for everyone to readRead MoreA Study On Responsiveness Of Customers Towards Print Media And Deliverable Satisfaction10259 Words   |  42 Pages CHAPTER – 1 INTRODUCTION â€Å"A Study on Responsiveness of Customers towards Print Media and Deliverable Satisfaction† INTRODUCTION If you don t read the newspaper, you are uninformed, you are unexciting ; if you read the newspaper, you are well-informed and you are conversant. Daniel J Boorstin Today Newspapers are considered to be the best source of news and information. In many respects it is also a medium of communication among the peoples across the worldRead MoreMarketing Management130471 Words   |  522 Pages Marketing management – an introduction Unit structure: 1. Introduction 2. Learning Objectives 3. Marketing Management 3.1. Evolution of marketing management 3.2. The Role of Marketing 3.3. Marketing concepts 3.4. The Marketing Mix (The 4 P s Of Marketing) 3.5. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and Ethics in Marketing 4. Have you understood type questions 5. Summary 6. Exercises 7. References 1. INTRODUCTION: The apex body in United States of America for the Marketing functions, AmericanRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesinfluence of prominent urban planners and architects— including Le Corbusier and the Chicago School—urban preservation and the city as the locus of global cultural development, and the ways in which slums and shanty towns have morphed into long-term homes and viable communities for perhaps a majority of urban dwellers worldwide in the last half of the twentieth century. Broadly conceived and remarkably comprehensive, Bonnie Smith’s essay provides an overview of the gendering of political and social

Brain Imaging Free Essays

string(138) " creates highly detailed anatomical images using radiofrequency resonance signals elicited from the hydrogen atoms of tissue under study\." Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a condition characterized by recurrent intrusive, often repugnant, and always anxiety-ridden thoughts and images and by sets of ritualized behaviors performed compulsively by the sufferer in an attempt to allay the anxiety. The compulsive behaviors typically provide little relief, however, and the sufferer remains relegated to an anxious and painful daily experience. Thus, the patient who drives over the same speed bump each morning may find it impossible to relieve oneself of the concern that one may have, on a particular morning, driven over a pedestrian instead, and one is compelled to circle the block in a ritualized fashion searching for a crushed body in the street. We will write a custom essay sample on Brain Imaging or any similar topic only for you Order Now While the sufferer is able to acknowledge the perverse and senseless nature of the rituals, this insight alone fails to relieve the experience of helplessness (Pauls et al. , 1995). As has been true of most psychiatric disorders, traditional etiologic explanations have been based on psychoanalytic findings and constructs. Formulations of the illness based on cognitive processing models represent a more recent development. Still more recently, a significant reconceptualization of obsessive-compulsive symptomatology has followed the development of modern functional imaging technologies, and a biologically-oriented and brain-centered view of OCD has emerged in light of the substantial findings from the last decades. The most popular brain theory to date explains the pathogenesis of OCD as an imbalance in the action of a pair of interrelated neural circuits which, under normal circumstances, maintain one another in a state of functionally balanced tone. It may be parenthetically added that, to the extent these brain data are themselves understood, it has become possible to evaluate psychological theories of OCD in functional terms (Robinson et al. , 1991). The neurobiology of OCD has been a subject of research interest for several decades, with the disorder having become increasingly formulated as a neuropsychiatric illness. Modern neuropsychiatric hypotheses have been guided by data having its origins in data derived from the direct study of OCD patients using newly developed non-invasive brain imaging techniques. Significant findings from this area of inquiry are summarized in the following pages. Background to OCD OCD symptomatology has been reported among patients with closed head trauma to the basal gangliar structures and among those with basal ganglia lesions demonstrable subsequent to carbon monoxide poisoning and to wasp sting (McKeon, 1984). Symptoms have additionally presented as a clinical feature both of striatal necrosis and frontal lobe lesion (Siebyl et al, 1989). Thus, the initial background of data around OCD has implicated the basal gangliar structures, particularly the striatum, and, to a lesser extent, the frontal lobe. Imaging studies of the living brain are generally divisible into two distinct categories, those representing morphologic or structural abnormality, on the one hand, and those representing disturbance of function at the cellular or metabolic levels, possibly with only very small or wholly undetectable changes in morphology, on the other. The distinction is important: while investigation at the level of structure and morphology will reveal atrophic change or gross pathology (eg. , tumor, trauma, etc. ,) investigation at the metabolic level provides a window directly into what has been termed, in traditional discourse, â€Å"functional mental illness. † That is, structures which have retained their morphologic integrity may nonetheless be shown to be functioning in metabolically hyperactive or hypoactive state relative to normal. In the interest of maintaining this important distinction, studies deriving from the two imaging modality groups are reviewed here separately. Structural brain imaging studies Luxenberg, Swedo, Flament et al. (1989) used quantitative Computed Tomography (qCT) to analyze the morphologic volumes of various brain structures believed key in OCD. Clinical subjects with childhood-onset OCD were selected on the basis of active and unabated symptomatology of at least one year during their illness. While depressive symptomatology with onset after obsessional illness was not an exclusion criterion, none of the patients was depressed at the time of the qCT examination. The researchers found that mean caudate nucleus volume in the patients was significantly less than that of control subjects. No other significant brain abnormalities were found. Behar, Rapoport and Berg, et al (1984), report on the administration of CT scans and neuropsychological test measures to 16 adolescents with OCD and 16 matched controls. Patients were found to have significantly increased ventricular size (relative to whole-brain volume) and to show spatial-perceptual deficits on the Money Road Map Test of Directional Sense. The Money Map Test uses a simulated street map with a route indicated by a dotted line. The subject traverses the route and indicates a right or left turn at each choice point. Near the midpoint of the examination the subject is required to mentally rotate himself in order to reverse his own right-left reference. Patients with frontal lobe lesions have been reported to do poorly on this task. Subjects’ ventricular size and neuropsychological test findings were not significantly correlated, however, and the researchers suggest that significant co-morbidity within the patient sample led to unexpected results. In fact, the patient sample had been selected on the basis of its extraordinary psychiatric symptomatology: â€Å"It is possible that (the OCD subjects) are atypical in that adult patients commonly report being able to conceal their symptoms after clear onset in childhood† (Behar, Rapoport and Berg, et al. , 1984, p. 365). The results of the Behar study are also inconsistent with those of Insel and associates (1983), who report neither ventricular enlargement on CT brain imaging nor significant neuropsychological deficits on the Halstead-Reitan battery of neuropsychological tests in 18 adult OCD sufferers. Confirmation for ventricular enlargement is likewise not observed in the present majority of structural brain studies. Garber, Ananth, Chiu, and colleagues (1988) performed Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scans on 32 patients meeting the DSM-III criteria for OCD in an investigation of the caudate and ventricular findings. Subjects were judged free of psychopathology other than OCD on the basis of psychiatric testing and evaluation, and severity of OCD symptoms was rated at the time of MRI by means of the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale. MRI creates highly detailed anatomical images using radiofrequency resonance signals elicited from the hydrogen atoms of tissue under study. You read "Brain Imaging" in category "Papers" The technique produces structural images which are in many respects (eg. , spatial resolution) quite superior to those provided by CT (Garber et al. , 1988). Further, a technical routine known as â€Å"spin-lattice relaxation time† (or Tl), in which a summary measurement of the time required for protons excited within host molecules to relax to baseline is taken as a direct measurement of the mobility of water protons in membranes and fluids. In the study with OCD patients, Behar and colleagues discovered significantly lengthier corrected Tl values for clinical subjects relative to controls in the lenticular nuclei and the right frontal lobes white matter. Because of the high degree of heterogeneity in both samples, subgroups within the clinical sample were developed on the basis of family history and medication status and analyzed against one another. No between group differences were noted based on medication status. Patients with family histories of OCD differed from those with no such histories in the anterior cingulum, showing significantly briefer Tl values. No gross structural differences were specific to the OCD group. Garber and colleagues (1988) ascribe the altered Tl include to subtle atrophy in the right frontal cortex or diminished blood flow to this region, corresponding to a decline in frontal cortical metabolism. Involvement is also suggested on the parts of the cingulate gyms and lenticular nuclei. These areas are components of frontal-limbic pathways that may mediate the symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder; surgical alteration of the relationships among structures within these pathways have produced symptomatic improvements. Moreover, the authors propose that hereditary influences on the illness may be most directly expressed in the cingulate region. The implication of the frontal lobes and cingulate gyms in OCD suggests abnormalities in cortical-striatal-thalamic-cortical circuits. Robinson, Wu, and Munne et al. (1995) used MRI in a structural volumetric analysis of selected brain regions within or adjacent to these circuits in 26 patients with OCD (DSM-VI-R criteria). While subjects were screened for a number of exclusionary criteria, co-morbidity with depression was not among these. Twenty-six screened normal control subjects were matched to the OCD patients. In results which directly contradict those of Scarone, Colombo, and Ambruzzese, et al. (1992), in which right caudate nucleus size was found by MRI to be increased in patients with OCD, Robinson and colleagues report a significantly diminished morphometic volume for the caudate nuclei bilaterally. These findings are consistent with those of Luxenberg et al. (1988), described above, in which morphometric analysis by CT indicated significantly reduced caudate nucleus volume in patients with OCD. Study by Alyward, Schwartz, and Machlin et al. (1991) report no statistically significant differences between OCD and normal subjects on MRI studies of caudate volume. Their report demonstrates a direct correlation in patients with OCD between the putamen volume and the Global Severity of psychopathology score developed by the National Institute of Mental Health as well as between the caudate volume and the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale score, but found no correlations with the Y-BOCS total score or with the obsessions or compulsions subscore on this instrument. Curiously, however, division of the patients with OCD into subgroups based on a history of depression did not demonstrate a significant difference. Imaging measures were similar between subjects with and without medication histories. There was no evidence of ventricular enlargement in patients with OCD. As a group, studies of brain morphology and structure have returned substantially inconsistent findings in OCD; particularly differing are reports on the caudate nucleus and striatal region. Different study methods and small sample sizes may account partially for these discrepant findings and represent problems which must ultimately be overcome before a valid consensus can be reached. The significant prevalence of OCD symptomatology within neurologic populations and its high co-morbidity with depression contribute to the potential for heterogeneity in OCD samples (Pauls, 1995). The Alyward finding of increased caudate volume in OCD subjects with higher depression scale scores, but not among OCD subjects at large, not only reveals the heterogeneity of the disorder but illustrates the necessity of rigorously defining sample parameters before meaningful comparison and replication may be undertaken. Such rigor has not yet been sufficiently applied in structural imaging studies. Notwithstanding these issues, the question of a chronic degenerative process with resultant caudate diminution over time is suggested by certain of the data, in particular light of the fact that most of the OCD patients studied by the Robinson and Luxenberg groups were longtime sufferers. Longitudinal follow-up studies would be needed to determine whether caudate volume changes in OCD are progressive. Additionally, because structural brain imaging modalities are sensitive only to pathology which has resulted in physical change in tissue, they omit consideration of metabolic or functional change. The following section offers a discussion of imaging findings based on functional processes of the brain; modalities of this type substantially enlarge the data available from structural imaging alone. Functional brain imaging studies Functional brain imaging refers collectively to that set of techniques used to derive images reflecting biochemical, physiologic, or electrical properties of the central nervous system (Devous, 1995). The most developed of these techniques have in common the registration of such data in digitized maps which thus represent visually to the diagnostician or researcher the relative metabolic activations among brain structures of interest (provided that the dimensions of these lay within the spatial resolution capability of the particular technique). The maps can typically be rendered in any standard anatomical plane for the sake of further clarifying these metabolic relationships. Positron Emission Tomography (PET), so named for the species of radioactive decay on which it depends, and the more economical and widely available modality of Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) each registers in a digitized functional map relative regional metabolic activations for any given brain state (eg. , under challenge, during active symptomatology, at rest, and so forth). SPECT maps the distribution of a radioactively labeled pharmaceutical administered intravenously administered to a subject and typically designed to integrate itself into brain blood flow processes in a manner correspondent to the relative activations of the latter (Devous, 1995). The emission of gamma radiation from the agent after it has been allowed to incorporate itself into brain tissue enables the subsequent mapping of blood perfusion densities across cortical regions with the use of SPECT imaging hardware. Blood flow and metabolism are tightly coupled within the brain under most normal and pathologic circumstances, and therefore inferences about neurometabolism are accurately informed by measures of relative blood flow (Devous, 1995). One of the more popular radiopharmaceuticals for such blood flow mapping is referred to generically as â€Å"HMPAO,† an acronym for the chemical structure of the agent. Bound to this chemical structure is the radioactive element Technetium-99m, which is favored as an imaging isotope because of its half-life and energy characteristics (Devous, 1995). Two facts of brain function are pertinent to any review of imaging studies in this area. The first of these requires the reader to keep in mind that an activated cortical region may be inhibitory or excitatory. In the basal ganglia system, for example, excitatory and inhibitory input sf contribute mutually to a functionally balanced neural tone. The second fact is closely related: A system which lies efferent to the hypermetabolic one will correspond to the nature of this input: Inhibitory or excitatory. Notwithstanding the complexities connected to image interpretation, the functional modalities have permitted the development of a more conclusive body of evidence regarding brain function in OCD than has been the case with structural imaging modalities. A consensus has emerged around increased activity in the right orbitofrontal cortex (OFC). Less agreement exists with respect to the role of the striatum and associated basal gangliar structures. Rubin, Villanueva-Meyer, and Ananth et al. (1995) studied ten adult male patients with OCD and ten age-matched adult male normal controls using SPECT Patients with OCD had significantly increased uptake of the metabolic tracer radionuclide in the high dorsal parietal cortex bilaterally, in the left posterofrontal cortex, and in the orbital frontal cortex bilaterally The patients also had significantly reduced tracer uptake in the head of the caudate nucleus bilaterally, but not in the putamen or thalamus, consistent with the hypothesized reduction of caudate nucleus activity in OCD. Baxter, Schwartz, Maziotta et al. (1992) reports findings which conflict with those of Rubin and co-workers on the activation of the caudate nuclei. In the Baxter study, ten non-depressed OCD patients were compared with ten age- and gender-matched normals using PET scans. Subjects were screened for current co-morbidity with major depression, bipolar disorder, cyclothymic disorder and dysthymia. All but two subjects had suffered from depressive disorders in the past. Comparison of the scans indicated that patients with OCD had significantly higher overall glucose metabolic rate values than normal controls. Orbital gyri were significantly higher in metabolic activation bilaterally, as were the bilateral heads of the caudate nuclei. As described, Rubin et al. (1995) report diminished metabolic activity in the head of the caudate nuclei bilaterally. Machlin, Harris, and Pearlson, el al. (1991) found elevated blood flow in the prefrontal cortex and cingulate (termed the medial-frontal region) in ten OCD patients studied with SPECT relative to a matched sample of eight normals. Several other well-conceived functional imaging studies implicate the structures of both the Papez circuit and Modell’s hypothesized fronto-striatal-pallido-thalamic-frontal loop. Swedo et al. (1989) compared 18 OCD patients and 18 normals using PET, and while no whole-brain glucose metabolic differences were found between groups, the left orbitofrontal, right sensorimotor, and bilateral prefrontal and anterior cingulate regions were notably higher in adults with childhood-onset OCD. Within this group, a positive correlation emerged between glucose uptake in the prefrontal and orbitofrontal regions and state measures of anxiety. In addition, responders to treatment with clomipramine were distinguishable from non-responders on the basis of regional changes in the right cingulate and right orbitofrontal regions, with response failures evincing significantly higher pre-therapy activations. Baxter et al. (1992), in a series of studies with a total of 24 adult patients with OCD, found increased FDG uptake in the cerebral hemispheres overall, and in the orbital gyri and caudate nuclei in the OCD group as compared to normal controls. Rubin, et al (1995) used SPECT imaging and found elevated uptake in the dorsal parietal cortex bilaterally, the left posterofrontal cortex and the OFC bilaterally. The group also found decreased uptake in the heads of the caudate nuclei bilaterally. Two paired comparisons have been made of OCD subjects before and after symptom aggravation. Rauch et al. (1994) used oxygen-15 labeled carbon dioxide PET to study individually tailored provocative stimuli in order to provoke symptoms in eight patients with OCD. Paired comparisons pre- and post-challenge yielded an increase in regional Cerebral Blood Flow (rCBF) in the right caudate nucleus, left anterior cingulate cortex, and also bilaterally in the OFC subsequent to challenge. McGuire et al. (1992) studied four OCD patients during actual exposure to contaminants in a pattern tailored individually to produce successively greater degrees of anxiety. rCBF was found to increase in the OFC, neostriatum. globus pallidus, and thalamus in relation to the urge to perform compulsive movements. These two paired comparisons of patients pre- and post-challenge provide a unique opportunity to examine differences between a resting and an obsessional state in the same patient during a brief period. Further, such an examination sheds light on the manner in which inconsistencies among functional imaging studies may be due to variations in the mental state of obsessional patients at the time of the imaging studies. While the architecture of the anxiety challenge varies considerably between the Rauch and McGuire protocols, it remains nonetheless somewhat disappointing that more consistent findings are not elicited in the paired comparisons. In these studies, as in the literature more generally, substantial disagreement exists on the response of the cingulate cortex and caudate nuclei. It is noteworthy, however, that the two paired challenge studies concur with respect to the hyperactivated state of the OFC. It is on the issue of striatal, specifically caudate, activation and morphology that most disagreement exists across both the structural and functional brain imaging studies. It is possible to speculate on the cause of this inconsistency: Caudate metabolism may be a state, rather than a trait, marker in OCD. It may also be that pathology in this region is progressive: Subjects with damaged striatal mechanisms may, for instance, manifest a hypermetabolic condition in the region for some lengthy period before an atrophic process ultimately begins and results in the opposite finding, hypometabolism and volumetric diminution over a period of time. Uniformity across subject samples in terms both of length and history of illness and co-morbidity with other pathology is therefore essential to further investigation of this region in OCD. Conclusion The two categories of imaging study at times assume roles along a continuum of pathological severity or etiology. For example, a degenerative change in tissue density or overall size and shape may have developed only after a lengthy period of metabolic dysregulation. An imaging technique sensitive only to morphology would pick up such pathology only at a relatively late stage in its development. Early changes, those occurring at the metabolic level, would be visualized only by means of a functional imaging technique. On the issue of orbital and frontal activation there exists substantial agreement. Although a great deal of data implicates these structures, it is not yet possible to demonstrate which specific obsessive-compulsive symptoms are related to the observed abnormalities in these neuroanatomic regions or what specific role the region plays in the neuropsychology of the illness. References Alyward E. H, Schwartz J, Machlin S, Pearison G. D. (1991). Bicaudate ratio as a measure of caudate volume on MR images. American Journal ofNeuroradiology, 12, 1217-1222. Baxter L. R. , Schwartz J. M. , Bergman K. S. , Szuba M. P. , Guze B. H. , Mazziotta J C , Alazraki A, Selin C. E. , Phelps ME (1992). Caudate glucose metabolic rate changes with both drug and behavior therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 49, 681-689. Behar D, Rapoport J. L. , Berg C. J. , Denckla MB, Mann L, Cox C , Fedio P. , Zahn T, Wolfman M. G (1984). Computerized tomography and neuropsychological test measures in adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 141, 363-368. Devous M. D. , (1995). Instrumentation, radiopharmaceuticals, and technical factors. In: Van Heertum R. L. , Tikoftky R. S. (eds. ) Cerebral SPECTImaging. New York, NY: Raven Press, Ltd. 1995. Garber H. J. , Weilburg J. B. , Buonanno F. S. (1988). Use of magnetic resonance imaging in psychiatry. American Journal of Psychiatry, 145, 164-171. Insel T. R. , Donnelly E. F. , Lalakea ML, Alterman IS, Murphy D. L (1983). Neuropsychological studies of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 18, 741-751. Luxenberg J. S. , Swedo S. E. , Flament M. F. , Friedland R. P. , Rapoport JR. , Rapoport S. I. (1988). Neuroanatomical abnormalities in obsessive-compulsive disorder detected with quantitative X-ray computed tomography. American Journal of Psychiatry, 145, 1089-1093. Machlin S. R. , Harris G. J. , Pearlson CD. , Hoehn-Sanc R, Jeffery P. , Camargo E. E. (1991). Elevated medial-frontal cerebral blood flow in obsessive-compulsive patients: ASPECT study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 148, 1240-1242. McGuire P. K. , Bench C. J. , Frith CD, Marks I. M. , Frackowiak R. S. J. , Dolan R. J. (1994). Functional anatomy of obsessive compulsive phenomena. British Journal of Psychiatry, 164, 459-468. McKeon J. , McGuffin P. , Robinson P. (1984). Obsessive-compulsive neurosis following head injury: A Report of four cases. British Journal of Psychiatry, 144, 190-192. Pauls D. L. , Alsobrook J. P. , Goodman W, Rasmussen S. , Leckman J. F. (1995). A family study of obsessive-compulsive disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 76-84. Rauch S. L. , Jenicke MA, Alpert N. M. , Baer L, Breiter H. C. , Savage C. R. , Fischman A. J. (1994). Regional cerebral blood flow measured during symptom provocation in obsessive compulsive disorder using oxygen-15-labeled carbon dioxide and positron emission tomography. Archives of General Psychiatry, 51, 62-70. Robinson D. , Wu H. , Munne R. A. , Ashtari M. , Alvir J. M. J. , Lemer G. , Koreen A. , Cole K, Bogerts B. (1995). Reduced caudate nucleus volume in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 52, 393-398. Rubin R. T. , Ananth J, Vilianueva-Meyer J. , Trajmar PC, Mena I. (1995). Regional Xenon-133 cerebral blood flow and cerebral Tc-99m-HMPAO uptake in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder before and during treatment. Biological Psychiatry, 38, 429-437. Scarone S. , Colombo C, Ambruzzese L. S. , Ronchi P. , Locatelli M , Smeraldi S. G. , ScottiG. (1992). Increased right caudate nucleus size in obsessive-compulsive disorder: Detection with magnetic resonance imaging. Psychiatry and Research Neuroimaging, 45, 115-121. Seibyl, J. P. , Krystal J. H. , Goodman W. K. (1989). Obsessive-compulsive symptoms in a patient with a right frontal lobe lesion: Response to lithium augmentation of trancypromine. Neuropsychiatry. Neuropsychology and Behavioral Neurology, 1, 295-299. Swedo S. E. , Rapoport J. L. , Cheslow D. L. , Leonard H. L. , Ayoub E. M. , Hosier D. M. , Wald E. R. (1989). High prevalence of obsessive-compulsive symptoms in patients with Sydenham’s chorea. American Journal of Psychiatry, 146, 246-249. How to cite Brain Imaging, Papers

The Loss of Humanity in MacBeth Essay Example For Students

The Loss of Humanity in MacBeth Essay In Shakespeares play Macbeth the character Macbeth proves to be somewhat dynamic in his human representation. He starts off as being very human; he is actually a war-hero. However the seed of change is planted right away when he meets the witches and they tell him their prophecy of him becoming king. This makes Macbeth ambitious, and it leads to his demise. Once he kills Duncan the change rapidly begins to accelerate. By the end of the play, and Macbeths killing spree, his transformation is complete and all of his human thoughts and feelings are gone. Macbeth changes from being a great individual to the focus of everyones fear and anger, because he loses his human characteristics of conscience and remorse. As the play starts Macbeth is very human; he has feelings and friends and he is a war- hero. As time elapses, he begins to change into a ruthless killer, a tyrant. Once he meets the witches and learns he will become king he begins to plot and think murderously. When he arrived at a plot to kill Duncan, and told Lady Macbeth, he realized it was the only way. However, in doing this he made a lot of people suspicious. This meant that more people would have to be killed, and this included the kings son who was next in line for the throne. At this point Macbeth experiences the first of a number of breakdowns, and he begins to lose his human characteristics. Macbeth begins to fall into a murderous rage after killing Duncan. He thought this would clear his name, but it only made things worse. Each person he has killed results in another that needs to be killed. With each kill Macbeth makes he loses feelings. Macbeths conscience is soon deteriorated to nothing, and his killings are numerous. After killing Banquo and confronting his ghost Macbeth breaks down for the last time. At this point Macbeths last shred of remorse are nearly gone. His wife dies and he barely cares, and then he orders Macduffs family to be killed. Macbeth is completely crazy at this point, and he begins to believe solely in the witches prophecy that he cannot be killed by a man of woman born. This belief ultimately results in his demise. Macbeth kills a young soldier on his way to confront Macduff, and he does not care one bit. Here he has become nothing but a cold-blooded killer, not the least bit human. Macbeths change from human to killer is his own doing. He allowed the evil that is within everyone to overwhelm him. His ambition and need for power put him through a transformation from hero to killer. Macbeths conscience and feelings seemed to leave him. At first he needed Lady Macbeth to coax him into killing, and at the end he kills on impulse. After a number of mental breakdowns, Macbeth just loses it. At this point he stops representing anything human, and displays no human characteristics. Category: Shakespeare .

Why People Should Exercise More free essay sample

More Physical exercise is one of the most important things in the world. With proper exercise you can avoid or reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease, breast cancer, and improve your brain power. Now wouldn’t that be nice? If you were to get exercise regularly you could become a doctor with your brain power, and with that much skill you could help cure people of these formidable illnesses. They key to doing this, exercise, is an activity that for centuries has been made increasingly easier to do and can be done at a faced paced, low effort, agenda. Firstly, probably the most dangerous risk for not exercising properly is cardiovascular disease. It is an illness that single-handedly takes out one in four Americans. That’s 25% folks! Many types of coronary heart disease can be avoided or reduced by exercise. For example, in coronary heart disease high levels of fatty cholesterol, high blood pressure, diabetes, and blood vessel inflammation. We will write a custom essay sample on Why People Should Exercise More or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page All of these illnesses can be prevented through one way or another. One common cure or help that these illnesses have is exercise. ‘Your doctor has probably recommended dietary changes to your meals that are too rich in high cholesterol foods, perhaps more exercise, maybe even medication. †(Holly McCord) Wow exercise is a great remedy in this case. ’ â€Å"By reducing inflammation, exercise decreases damage to blood vessels and reduce the number of cholesterol deposits. † (Dr. David Lipschitz, 2007) Look! Problem avoided! â€Å"Scientific evidence indicates that mental stress can adversely affect the cardiovascular system. Scientific evidence indicates that mental stress can adversely affect the cardiovascular system. † (Ben Martin, PSY. D. ) This statement shows that stress can cause heart illnesses and hurt your health. Yoga is a stress relieving exercise that when done can help you to have a shapely body and is very beneficial to you emotional health. Secondly, you can reduce the risk of breast cancer by exercise. The American Cancer Society research states, â€Å"Studies show that exercise reduces breast cancer risk. The only question is how much exercise is needed. One study found that as little as 1 hour and 15 minutes to 2? hours of brisk walking per week reduced the risk by 18%. Walking 10 hours a week reduced the risk a little more. † This statement shows us that exercise is necessary. Though the previous statement is true many people could say that exercise can be exerting and cause injury that would hurt your health and rip your muscle in a fibroid tumor causing cancer. I would like to state that there are many available DVD’s, books, internet sources, and available instructors for exercise. You can learn that you don’t overexert, remembering to warm up, stretch, and cool down is essential, drink water to keep hydrated, and if you are not ready rest after a session. Then you will not have health problems occur because of the exercise. Lastly, exercise increases your brainpower. Exercise increases the amount of neurons in your brain. It can cause you to think better. â€Å"There also seems to be a role for neurogenesis in the treatment of depression making it easier for you to think and adding determination to all of your work. People can use statements like, â€Å"Anabolic steroids can change the messages the hypothalamus sends to the body. This can disrupt normal hormone function. † (National Clearinghouse for alcohol and drug information) This statement can be perceived as that the anabolic drug can make you happy by changing your hormonal responses or make you more able to think, but it really means that your mood swings would be unpredictable and you would not be able to control your hormones and that may increase it as much as not doing well in anything or for girls, manly qualities.

Nursing as a Career essays

Nursing as a Career essays As the population of the United States ages, the need for skilled nurses increases. Thats where I come in; I plan on being a registered nurse. There is currently a nursing shortage and very few nurses graduating from their nursing schools and practicing. To top that, the average age of a registered nurse is 45.7 years old, which means that the current nursing shortage will only increase as older nurses start retiring. With the retirement of baby boomers, a good chunk of the population, more available patient care is going to be necessary. There is currently an ever-increasing shortage of registered nurses to provide care for the growing number of people in nursing homes, home health care programs, and hospitals. In order to draw more people to the career of nursing, benefits and salaries for nursing will increase dramatically in the near future. Nurses will get better labor unions and more rights in the Standard of Care. There will be more financial aid available to people trying to obtain an education to become a nurse. Becoming a registered nurse requires attending and graduating from a state-approved nursing school. It must be state approved because nursing in the work force is regulated by the state and local governments, not the federal government. This is also why the licensing exams for becoming a registered nurse, or any kind of nurse for that matter, are controlled by the State Board of Nursing. There will be an estimated shortage of over 434,000 nurses by the year 2020. This shortage is caused by a number of things. For one, most nurses are females and started practicing because there wasnt much else for a female to do in the working world other than being a teacher. Now that there are more job opportunities for females, there is a steadily decreasing number of people coming to the profession. Enrollment and graduation from state-approved nursing programs is in a continual decline. The short...

Endangered Species Lesson Plans

Endangered Species Lesson Plans One of the best ways for teachers to get students interested in nature and natural science is by teaching them about endangered animals. Reading up on pandas, tigers, elephants, and other creatures is a fun way to introduce young learners to topics such as ecosystems, biodiversity, and conservation. Building lessons is simple with the help of the resources below. Wild and Wonderful Lessons About Endangered Species Source: Educationworld.com The five lessons included here involve research and role-playing. Are These Animals Threatened, Endangered, or Extinct? Source: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration This lesson introduces students to the concepts of extinct, endangered, and threatened species, with a focus on Hawaii and its native creatures. Endangered Species 1: Why Are Species Endangered? Source: Sciencenetlinks.com This lesson exposes students to the plight of endangered species and helps them understand and gain perspective on issues that continue to affect animals and threaten our global environment. What Are Endangered Species? Source: Learningtogive.org The Endangered Species- Its Not Too Late lesson is designed to help students understand the meaning of endangered species and how they can be protected. Critically Endangered Species Lesson Plan Source: United States Fish and Wildlife Service The goal of this lesson is to provide an understanding of critically endangered species, how they differ from endangered species, and why certain animals are critically endangered. Threatened, Endangered, and Extinct Lesson Plan Source: Pennsylvania State University The Threatened, Endangered, and Extinct lesson plan focuses on species that are in serious danger of extinction. Endangered Species Lesson Plans - Environmental Education in ... Source: EEinwisconsin.org These lesson plans were developed to provide elementary through high school teachers with ideas for how to teach students about endangered species conservation. Save the Turtles - Ride the Turtle Education Rainbow   Source: Savetheturtles.org An excellent resource created on a book-based thematic approach for ages 5 through 12, this site offers suggestions for sea turtle stories. It also includes pre-activities, hands-on activities, and suggestions for community action.

Present an argument for including 'intuition' as an important Essay

Present an argument for including 'intuition' as an important constituent of managerial competency - Essay Example d blueprints initiates the execution of decisions, usually very quickly, upon the source of an ‘unconscious reasoning’ mechanism which could have an emotional element, such as a ‘hunch’ (Mani, 1995, 365). On the other hand, management is becoming identified more and more as a way by which manager put into action and push in strategic change within organisations. Managing has been recognised as a fusion of creativity and intuition. In the context of strategic management intuition involves diverging from an arranged plan so as to speed up the execution of actions (Smith & Hitt, 2005). The objective of this study is to argue that intuition is important in modern management and effective strategies in training managers to become more intuitive. At present the different constructs that merge to elaborate on organisational management have been extended to comprise components of innovation, adaptation and firmness. Strategic management in the 1960s has been viewed by intellectuals as an organisational pathology, in the sense that it deviated from the conventional incremental course of action, and then put into practice (Thomas, 2007). Nonetheless, Weick was one of the pioneering supporters of strategic action, and the rising interest in and recognition of this facet of management has led to intuition being more broadly recognised as an ability that can help in corporate planning activities (Thomas, 2007). In the 1990s this progress has sped up in intensity, and given the necessity for more rapid cycle periods and more ground-breaking solutions and ideas to gain or maintain competitive leverage; these changes exhibit hardly any indications of subsiding (Nichols, 2006). The advancement toward managerially advocated intuitional activity seems to be influencing how organisations deal with both the manner in which work task is accomplished, and the manner in which it is controlled. Numerous organisations are encouraging employees to devote time and opportunity to

An Analysis of Greasy lake by T. Coraghessan Boyle Essay

An Analysis of Greasy lake by T. Coraghessan Boyle - Essay Example The events unfold when the protagonist and his friends are looking for fun and excitement and mistakenly identify a car parked at Greasy Lake as belonging to their friend Tony. Deciding to play a joke on him they honk and shine lights at the other car and upon the discovery that it doesn’t belong to their friend they find themselves in the middle of a fight, with a character much tougher and seemingly more bad, during which out of fear and desperation the narrator strikes the man with a iron and assumes that he has killed him. Inflamed by the almost ritualistic murder of the man the boys violently lash out on his girlfriend with the intention to rape her. They are caught in the act due to the arrival of another car and escape by hiding out in the lake where he "blundered into something. Something unspeakable, obscene, something soft, wet, moss-grown" (129). It turned out to be a corpse.

Half Caste, by John Agard Essay Example for Free

Half Caste, by John Agard Essay Poetry is used by writers world wide to express them. Many of these poems are very negative and show it in the use, and misuse, of language. Other poems are more positive. Poets often use their work to express difficult situations. Half Caste is a good example of this because it portrays the writer in a negative situation that the writer expresses his opinions about. Unrelated incidents is a similar type of poem with a varying, but overall alike problem. The poem Not my business is a more literal poem. The poem is similar because it shows the poet in a difficult situation but the way the poet expresses himself is completely different. In Half Caste, by John Agard, the difficult situation is one of prejudice. The writer is expressing his dislike of the prejudice he suffers because he is of mixed race or, in his words, half caste. The word half-caste is shown to be the culprit in this poem and the entire poem ridicules the word and those who use it. The writer uses various strategies to achieve this goal. In the first paragraph the writer immediately draws the readers attention with an apology, excuse me, he says. This draws the readers attention because it is a very abrupt way of starting a poem and the reader continues to read to see what he is fact sorry for. Immediately, Agard shows that he was in fact being sarcastic. He uses the ridiculous imagery of a man standing on one leg to show the stupidity of the word half-caste. Agard continues to be ridiculous like this throughout the poem. Agard doesnt confine himself to ridiculous imagery though, he uses imagery of famous western icons to prove his point, yu mean when Picasso mix red an green is a half caste canvas. This is effective because to create a good painting an artist will probably have to mix colours, Agards point is that paintings with mixed colours are any worse so why should he be. He uses similar imagery using British weather and Tchaikovsky to prove the same point. The constant use of such imagery shows the reader the difficult situation rather than describing it, in Half Caste the writer uses it to show why e hates prejudice and by doing so tells the reader the prejudice he suffers. . Not my business also uses imagery, but the imagery is not as subtle and more literal. The poems starts with imagery of brutality beat him soft like clay. The imagery is very violent and suggests constant repetitive beating. The few words say masses; soft like clay suggests broken bones and tenderness. The imagery is very violent and portrays a very violent regime or lifestyle. This instantly shows the difficult situation in which the writer is in. Later in the poem more imagery is used. The constant repetition of savouring mouth and the personification of objects hungry hand and bewildered lawn create imagery of consumption. These constant images of consumption and brutality lets Osundare express his situation fully and more interestingly than if it had been written in prose. John Agard also uses a Jamaican dialect in Half Caste. In the entire poem he uses no punctuation, and spells everything phonetically according to the dialect. This deliberate misuse of the English language is an obvious rebellion to English standards. He writes in English but in a Jamaican dialect showing his problem of being Half Caste. This simple use of dialect says many things about his views on his stereotyping. He is rebelling against people who want him only to act English and people who are prejudiced against him. The use of dialect says that if English people discriminate against him then he will discriminate against the English language. Unrelated Incidents also uses dialect to show a difficult situation, this time the dialect is Scottish and its use is obvious. By using a Scottish dialect the writer instantly shows the difference between him scruff and the BBC accent he is opposed to. The difference in dialect shows the prejudice Leonard claims to suffer. The prejudice is not one of a different culture but one inside Britain. He is saying by using dialect that no one trusts him, or other Glaswegians because of their accent and their home. He says this in the poem as well by saying if a toktaboot thi trooth lik want to yoo scruff yi widny thingk it wuz troo.

Laura Equirels Like Water for Chocolate :: essays research papers

Love   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  True love is emotion and passion. True love is when two individuals see each other and never want to leave each other. True love is a feeling of love every time one sees or even thinks of his or her soul mate.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I do not believe true love was ever reached in this novel with any of the characters. Tita and Pedro always had worries and doubts about their relationship together. And that is what kept them from reaching true love. If they question their love and relationship because of other individuals, it cannot in fact be true love. I believe what Tita and Pedro felt was passion. Passion for each other that was stronger than any other character. â€Å"With no need for words, they took each other’s hands and went into the dark room.† Pedro and Tita’s dark room was proof of how secretive they wanted to be. Although Tita loves her family immensely, she could not let that love interfere with her love for Pedro; not for the shortest time. Tita and Pedro did not have enough emotional love for them to have true love. When they saw each other, they hardly had any other love than their passion of the dark room. They did not express many ideas for their future to gether.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tita and John’s love was not near true love. They had some emotional love when together, but no passion for love. They knew they could start a family and a future together, but Tita especially had an empty feeling of love when around John. Probably the same emptiness Pedro feels for Rosaura. Those are the kinds of love where two people can have a successful future and family together, but could be emotionally separate from each other. In a way, Rosaura and Pedro’s relationship is almost a premonition for Tita and John’s relationship.

A Farewell to Arms Essay

The two novels The Grapes of Wrath & A Farewell to Arms both contain a main character who shares some of the same qualities depicting how they live their lives. The Grapes of Wrath, written in 1939 involves the character known as Tom Joad; A Farewell to Arms has a very similar character in ways that might not be open to the public eye known as Frederic Henry. Written by Ernest Hemingway in 1928, A Farewell to Arms discusses the reality of war, the relationship between love and pain, and the feeling of losing someone whom which you care for greatly. Written by John Steinbeck, The Grapes of Wrath describes a man’s ability to want to survive. The book also talks about how Tom Joad transforms throughout the book into a different man. Tom Joad and Frederic Henry I believe both have a sort of unselfishness to them and how they go about life. After Tom was released from jail after 4 years he began devoting his time and energy to the present moment in every single and separate day. Tom began caring for other people first and always putting himself second. Henry exhibits the same type of characteristic I feel because after his experience in war he felt as if all he was doing was completing his duty for which he should get no type of praise or recognition for it. Tom and Frederic both share an unconditional feeling of love for someone. You can see how much Tom truly loves his family because he did anything he could to keep everyone together and to get the whole family to where they were trying to get to. Frederic on the other hand is deeply in love with Catherine. Because of how Hemingway narrates Henrys feelings for Catherine you can really see that his feelings are pure and honest. Both Tom and Frederic had to deal with the loss of a loved one. When Casy was murdered by a policeman, Tom turned around and killed the policeman. What he did was not necessarily the right thing to do nor was it the wrong thing to do. But in  his situation he didn’t know how else to deal with it, so he did what came natural to him. Frederic however lost the women of his dreams and went into a state of depression you might say. He had no friends or family and he was caught in a time of extreme loneliness. They Both lost someone who they cared the world of and still managed to stay on path even if it took them a little while to do so. The Grapes of Wrath and A Farewell to Arms contain two characters who I believe are very similar protagonist. They are both characters whom which the reader can feel for no matter who the reader is. Tom and Frederic are unselfish, caring men, who have the mentality to keep their eyes on the prize and keep doing what they set out to do. A farewell to arms Essay Ernest Hemmingway’s A Farewell to Arms is an examination of war, loyalty, desertion, love and loss. His novel tells the story of an American, Fredric Henry, serving in the Italian army during World War I. Using a first person narrative we witness the horrors of war, the beauty of love, and the pain of loss. While the novel is fiction there are many similarities to Hemmingway’s life, which he uses as inspiration in his work. These experiences add substance to his tale of love in a time of war. The story is broken into five books, each covering a different aspect of narrative structure. The first book is an excellent example building the exposition of a story, beginning with Lieutenant Henry describing the village where his unit is stationed. Through Henry’s eyes Hemmingway describes the beauty of the village and the neighboring countryside. He also alludes to the impending conflict that is soon to ravage the land, detailing the men and equipment that come through the streets. Book one also introduces love affair of the two central characters of the story; Fredric Henry, an American serving as a Lieutenant with the Italian Army and Catherine Barkley, an English working in the local hospital. Their relationship develops quickly but is just as quickly tested when Henry is severely injured in battle. Book Two continues to build on the love affair between Henry and Catherine. After Henry is moved away from the front to an American hospital, where he is soon reunited Catherine and they resume their affair. Henry is faced with the not only major surgery and a long recovery, but also having to hide his relationship with Catherine. Elements of both Henry and Catherine’s personalities are fleshed out in greater detail. Henry is a fairly aloof man. He does not care much for the war and he is not interested in the merits or the glory of war; however he is a good and dedicated soldier. Catherine is very submissive toward Henry. She often gives control of the relationship to Henry, becoming almost co-dependent. As their time together increases Henry finds himself growing more and more dedicated to his relationship to Catherine. As the fall arrives Henry is faced with two new major complications; he must return to the battle front and Catherine is now pregnant. Henry being a man of honor promises his love to Catherine and that we will not desert her. Henry moves onto the front where things will go from bad to worse. Henry is moved back to the front and he begins to see how the war has changed not only the countryside but those around him as well. Because Henry is not Italian he does not feel the same sense of loyalty those around him feel and he begins to question his duty to the war efforts. His summer with Catherine has given Henry a new outlook on life and a different cause to commit to. This adds to the rising conflict of the story as now Henry is back in harm’s way and will soon see thing that will change his perception of war and his life and force him to make a choice that will change his life. The main crisis of the story is in Book Three. Not long after returning to the fight the Italian defenses are broken and the army is ordered to retreat. Henry must take his ambulances and drivers across the Italian country side to the rally point. As they trek through the ravaged landscape Henry begins to see the war as being hopeless and his thoughts move toward being with Catherine once again. During the retreat Henry is forced to kill another soldier for not obey an order. He also sees as one of his men is killed by fellow Italian soldiers. These two events cause Henry to detach completely from his duties as an officer. The story reaches the climax as Henry is being separated from his men and about to be executed. No longer feeling any commitment to the cause and knowing that he will be shot simply for being an officer Henry decides to flee and start his new life with Catherine. After escaping execution and reuniting with Catherine, Henry realizes that he longer has any associations to the war in Italy and is dedicated only to Catherine. The couple makes their way into Switzerland to begin a life and await the birth of their child. It is in this time that the story takes a moment for pause, almost as a build up for one final crisis. It is nearly 3:00 AM and Catherine has started going into labor, and this is where the final crisis comes in to play. As Catherine goes through hours of intense labor, Henry can only stand by and watch. He prays to God for her safety. He prays for the safety of the one thing he holds dear. He asks for the protection of the center of his universe, Catherine. The baby is delivered still born and Catherine dies shortly after. Henry says his final good byes to Catherine but they bring him no peace. He sees no purpose in their deaths, simply an event he was powerless to stop. He is left with nothing but a walk back to the hotel in the rain, bringing the story to its conclusion. Hemmingway’s tale of war, love and loss carefully uses each book of his story to bring all the narrative elements into play. The first two books build the exposition and set up the rising action. He uses book three to set the final crisis and bring about the climax. Book Four brings the action down to set up for the tragic conclusion in Book Five. A Farewell to Arms Essay â€Å"A writer’s job is to tell the truth† ? Ernest Hemingway. This quote means that it is a writer’s job to convey some sort of truth or accuracy to the reader. I agree. This is shown in the novel, A Farewell to Arms, by Ernest Hemingway through the setting and characterization in the novel. It is also shown in the novel, To Kill A Mockingbird, by Harper Lee through the themes and setting of the novel. In the war novel, A Farewell to Arms, Ernest Hemingway demonstrates that it is a writer’s job to convey some sort of truth to the reader through the setting of the novel. This novel takes place during a time of war and shows what war is like, realistically. For a war novel, there is not a lot of fighting but instead more of getting from one place to another and the situations that occur in the interim. This portrays a truth to the reader because it shows how war is in reality and that it is not all death and destruction. Hemingway expresses the emotions of the characters accurately for time of war and conditions or situations the characters are put into. The author shows us the characters interact with each other and how they deal with the war surrounding them. For example, in Book III of the novel, the priest says that people that summer finally realized the war and that people were gentler because they had been beaten. This, truthfully, shows how war affects people and their emotions because it shows how they are disappointed. Through the setting of the play, Hemingway tells the truth by stating that people are â€Å"trapped biologically† because of their setting and the fact that it is human condition. In the novel, Frederic feels trapped because of Catherine’s pregnancy. In the novel, A Farwell to Arms, the author establishes that a writer’s job is to deliver accuracy and truth to the audience of the piece of work through characterization in the novel. Hemingway shows the reader what war can do to a person. He shows this through Frederic’s personality and his change throughout the story. Frederic went from an innocent man who joined the army because he was in Italy at the time and spoke the language and after a lot of experience becomes cynical. This work of literature also shows how war can be dehumanizing on an individual. In Book III, Frederic shoots at a sergeant and thinks nothing of killing another human being because that’s what occurs in war. Another way that the author tells truth in this novel is by showing that some characters keep their morals and human values. For example, in Book III, Frederic stops his fellow officers from harassing the two young girls who needed a ride. During the war times, most men did not have respect for their fellow people but Hemingway shows the reader that a select few fight to keep their morals straight. In the novel, To Kill A Mockingbird, Harper Lee confirms that a writer’s job is to tell the reader the truth through the themes of this novel. One theme of this novel is racism; the townspeople are prejudice towards Tom Robinson because he’s black. Even though, many know and believe that he is innocent and he did not rape Mayella they still blame him and find him guilty in court. Another theme of this novel, that shows truth as well, is the coexistence of good and bad. Harper Lee shows his reader that in his story, just like it is in the real world, good and bad exists. The good in this story is Atticus and him trying to fight for Tom and stands up for him as his attorney to show he supports him even though the town turns against him and he knows he can’t win. The bad in this story is racism and inequality. The author of this novel conveys a lot of truth because these problems still occur to this day in real life situations. Another important theme that expresses truth to us from the author is innocence and the loss of that innocence. When the novel begins, Scout and Jem seem very innocent to the evil in the world, mostly because they had not ever witnessed it. After they see the racism, prejudice and unjust treatment that are put onto many characters they start to lose that childlike innocence. This is a strong truth, to this day. Young innocent people are losing and missing out on a lot because of their environment and surroundings. In the novel, To Kill A Mockingbird, the author shows the audience that the writer’s job is to distribute the truth to the reader through, the literary element, of setting. This story takes place in Maycomb, Alabama. Maycomb is home to many complacent, racist and prejudice people. The people of Maycomb try to ignore the truth that is plain to see by not acting on it. They let people in the town, who may be of different skin color like Tom Robinson, be stepped on and treated unfairly just because of his skin tone while many of the people of the town know he is innocent. During the course of the novel, the Great Depression is occurring. This sets the stage for poverty to be a strong point in this story. The characters make this a separation element. Another factor of setting that expresses truth in this novel being in the South in these days. The South had many rules and segregation laws concerning black citizens and white citizens. This caused an increase in the racism. As shown above, the two novels, A Farewell to Arms and To Kill A Mockingbird, both have many literary elements that help the author to express truth in his/her literary work. Some of these literary elements were setting, characterization and theme among many others. A farewell to arms Essay Hemingway bases most of his books on events that he has experienced. Hemingway’s A Farewell to Arms is a book about war, identity, and individualism. His style of using in media res, character, and dialogue, and how he splits the book into five parts, changes the way readers interpret the book. Ernest Hemingway lived through World War I and World War II. During World War I, Hemingway wanted to join the American army, but he was not accepted into it because of his eye sight. Since he wanted to help in the war effort, he moved to Italy to become a Red Cross ambulance driver. During this time, he was severely injured in the legs by enemy mortar fragments. His time in Italy influenced much of his book, A Farewell to Arms. War is a reoccurring theme in the novel. The main character Frederic realizes more and more of how bad war really is throughout the story. One critic, Schneider, said, â€Å"War is not glamorized†¦ Instead, it is presented in a very real and horrifying fashion from the perspective of the ambulance driver† (Telgen 179). In the book Hemingway wrote, â€Å"I wiped my hand on my shirt and another floating light came very slowly down and I looked at my leg and was very afraid† (Hemingway 56). At this point in the novel, Frederic starts to realize the realities of war. Another critic, Markley, said, â€Å"It’s still a game to him† (Bloom 174). Near the middle of the book, Frederic and his fellow soldiers retreat from Caporetto. It this section, Frederic is fully awakened to the horrors of war, and sees it in a completely different way. Identity plays a big role in Frederic’s character. According to Schneider, â€Å"Frederic’s identity is displaced by the late introduction of his name to the reader, the fact of his being an American in the Italian Army, and his constant play with words† (Telgen 177). In the novel, the narrator, Frederic, is not introduced until the fourth chapter, and the jokes he tries to make in the story don’t translate well into Italian. This shows how Frederic’s identity sticks out compared to the rest of the soldiers. Another critic, Waldhorn, said, â€Å"Frederic Henry absorbs what others teach, then acts at last on his own resolve. His situation is again different, however, for he has no wholly exemplary male figure before him. † (Waldhorn 118). Throughout the novel, Rinaldi influences Frederic until the climax. Rinaldi is the one who introduced him to Catherine, and along with Catherine, he was the one that was there for him when he was injured. At the climax, Frederic doesn’t listen to Rinaldi, and deserts the army for Catherine. This shows that Frederic’s identity became clearer throughout the novel. He ends up doing what he feels is the right thing to do. Individualism is shown mostly by Rinaldi, a surgeon and a friend of Frederic. Schneider said, â€Å"For example, Rinaldi has the satisfaction of having become a better surgeon through practice. He is also better with women for the same reason. † (Telgen 178). In the novel, Frederic says that there is more to life than women and being a surgeon, Rinaldi says, â€Å"Go to hell† (Hemingway 13). This shows that those two things are very important to Rinaldi, and that he doesn’t like it when others say bad things about it. Hemingway opens the story in the middle of World War I. According to Markley, â€Å"A Farewell to Arms opens in media res – literally, in the middle of the thing† (Broom 172). In the beginning paragraph of A Farewell to Arms, it says, In the late summer of that year we lived in a house in a village that looked across the river and the plain to the mountains. In the bed of the river there were pebbles and boulders, dry and white in the sun, and the water was clear and swiftly moving and blue in the channels. Troops went by the house and down the road and the dust they raised powdered the leaves of the trees. The trunks of the trees too were dusty and the leave fell early that year and we saw the troops marching along the road and the dust rising and leaves, stirred by the breeze, falling and the soldiers marching and afterward the road bare and white except for the leaves. (Hemingway 3) In this paragraph, Hemingway describes the setting of the book, and starts off the book in the middle of World War I. Hemingway bases his characters from his experiences. According to Waldhorn, â€Å"What is perhaps most remarkable is the absolute trust Frederic inspires in his reliability as a narrator. Never again in a novel would Hemingway maintain the precisely appropriate distance between himself and a hero so like him. A perfect apprentice, Frederic blends admirably the familiar traits of the hurt, uprooted young man who must†¦ learn ‘how to live in it’† (Waldhorn 116). In the novel, the characterization of Frederic only reveals his thoughts and emotions. This style allows the reader to have their own thoughts on what Frederic looks like. Hemingway uses short and direct dialogue to tell the story. Another critic, Graham, said, â€Å"They are active, direct and, one might argue, uncomplicated people with an almost fatalistic acceptance of life†¦ There is nothing new to learn: even with the various cases, the characters simply observe†¦ While they seem to understand what they do and what goes on about them, they never seem to assimilate the knowledge† (Bender 19). In the novel, the length of the dialogue between the characters varies very little. This style of writing allows readers to have their own thoughts on what’s happening, not Hemingway’s, when reading, because readers interpret what the characters say in different ways. The form of the novel is broken up into five parts. Waldhorn said, â€Å"In large measure, Hemingway achieves his effect by correspondences. Each of the five paragraphs of the opening chapter, for example, is roughly proportional in length to each of the five books of the novel, and the pace anticipates the cadence of the novel as a whole† (Waldhorn 117). In the novel, the five parts are divided to represent the introduction, rising action, climax, falling action, and conclusion. This set-up of the novel is like an English five-act play. Book one introduces the characters and situation; book two develops a romantic plot; book three is the climax, when Frederic deserts the army for Catherine; book four makes it seem as though Frederic and Catherine have successfully escaped the war; and book five is the tragic ending when Catherine dies. In conclusion, A Farewell to Arms is a book about war, identity, and individualism. His style of using in media res, character, and dialogue change the way readers interpret the book. Also, the five book structure of this novel splits the book similar to an English five act play. All of these factors plus parts of Hemingway’s life contribute to the final product, and play a big role in how the reader reads and interprets the content. Bibliography Bender, David, ed. Readings on Ernest Hemingway. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1997. Bloom, Harold. Modern Critical Views of Ernest Hemingway. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1985. Oliver, Charles. Critical Companion to Ernest Hemingway. New York: Facts on File, Inc, 2007. Telgen, Diane, ed. Novels for Students. Detroit: Gale Research, 1997. Waldhorn, Arthur, ed. Ernest Hemingway. New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc, 1972. A farewell to arms Essay NAGARE ASHWINI TUKARAM 14110080SUMMARY: After a wintertime leave spent visiting the nation, the protagonist, Lieutenant Henry comes back to the captured town at the front where his unit lives. One night his flatmate, a specialist, and lieutenant in the Italian armed force named Rinaldi, acquaints Henry with two British medical caretakers: Catherine Barkley and her companion Helen Ferguson. Catherine and Henry discussion of the war and of her life partner, executed in battle the prior year; plainly she has been damaged by the experience. On his second visit to the British healing facility, they kiss. At the point when Henry again visits Catherine, she reveals to him that she adores him and asks whether he cherishes her. He reacts that he does. One night, Lieutenant Henry and his kindred emergency vehicle drivers sink into a burrow over the waterway from the foe troops. While the drivers are eating, the Austrian siege wounds Henry in the leg and murders one of the alternate drivers. Henry is transported via prepare to an American doctor’s facility in Milan. Catherine Barkley touches base at the healing center, to which she has been exchanged. By and by, she and Lieutenant Henry announce their affection for each other, after which they engage in sexual relations in the healing facility bed. Henry and Catherine spend the mid-year together while he recovers from an operation on his leg, going by eateries around Milan at night and afterward putting in evenings together. At summer’s end, be that as it may, Lieutenant Henry is requested back to the front, and Catherine discloses to him she is three months pregnant. On their last night together in Milan, Henry purchases a gun, and he and Catherine consume a space in a lodging. Not long after Lieutenant Henry’s arrival to the front, the Austrians (now joined by German troops) shell the Italian armed force and in the long run get through the lines close to the town of Caporetto. Henry and the other emergency vehicle drivers withdraw with whatever is left of the Italian powers in a long, moderate moving segment of troops and vehicles. They get two Italian architect sergeants. At last, the ambulances pull off the principal street. When one of the vehicles winds up noticeably stuck in the mud, the two sergeants decline to aid the push to unstick it and ignore Lieutenant Henry’s request to stay with the gathering. He discharges at them, injuring one; another rescue vehicle driver at that point utilizes Henry’s gun to complete the activity. Henry and the three drivers desert the ambulances and set out by walking for the Tagliamento River, crosswise over which lies security. Before long they spot German troopers out yonder. One driver is shot to death by kindred Italians discharging in mistake. Another driver escapes, to surrender to the Germans. At long last safe from the foe, Lieutenant Henry watches that Italian armed force officers like himself are being shot by the military police for forsaking their troops. He additionally fears being confused for a German covert agent. Thus he jumps into the Tagliamento River, betraying the Italian armed force, and swims shorewards downstream. Henry crosses some portion of the Venetian plain by walking, at that point sheets a moving train, covering up among weapons put away underneath a canvas. Frederic Henry touches base in Milan, in secret. Catherine Barkley and Helen Ferguson are truant from the healing center, having gone on vacation to the Italian resort town of Stresa. So, Henry makes a trip through prepare to Stresa, where he discovers Catherine and Helen. Finding late one night that Henry will be captured as a miscreant in the morning, Henry and Catherine rapidly get ready to escape into nonpartisan Switzerland. Through the stormy night, they go in a little, open watercraft crosswise over Lake Maggiore. The next day they are captured and quickly confined by Swiss authorities, after which they are discharged. Frederic Henry and Catherine Barkley move into a chalet on a mountain above Montreaux and spend an ideal winter there. At winter’s end, they leave the mountains for an inn in Lausanne. At long last, Henry takes Catherine to the healing facility, where her child is stillborn. Catherine dies soon because of numerous hemorrhages. He tries to say goodbye to her, but it is like saying goodbye to a statue, and he walks back to his hotel room in the rain. INTRODUCTION World War I started in 1914 and finished on Nov. 11, 1918. Battled principally between the Triple Alliance forces of Germany and the Austro-Hungarian Empire and the Triple Entente nations of England, France, Russia, Italy, and the U.S. (Italy abandoned from the Triple Alliance in 1915; the U.S. joined the war in 1917), the Great War, as it was called, with its huge extension, modernized weaponry, and unclear political battle over land, destroyed to Europe’s scene and populace. Generally, 50% of the 70 million men and ladies serving in the war were slaughtered, harmed, or taken prisoner. A Farewell to Arms is significantly influenced by Hemingway’s own particular wartime encounter. Rejected from the U.S. armed force for his poor vision (which he later erroneously guaranteed was because of boxing), Hemingway’s assurance to join the war exertion landed him a post with the Red Cross as an emergency vehicle driver on the Italian front. He seized the opportunity to be a canteen supplier on the bleeding edges, giving out chocolate and cigarettes to the troops amid fight, and on July 8, 1918, he was hit in the leg by an Austrian mortar shell. Regardless of the injury, he figured out how to convey an Italian trooper to the close-by summon post. Be that as it may, automatic weapon discharge struck him in the knee and foot, and he was at the end sent to a doctor’s facility in Milan, Italy. Comparable damage comes to pass for Henry in the novel. Amid his recuperation, the 19-year-old Hemingway had an affair with an American Red Cross nurse seven years his senior, Agnes von Kurowsky. This experience aroused Henry’s sentiment with Catherine in the novel, however Hemingway in all probability decorated it; most researchers trust Agnes, a conferred nurture, never let him move past kissing and did not respond his extraordinary emotions. In spite of the fact that she didn’t kick the bucket amid the war, as Catherine does, Agnes, in the end, dismissed Hemingway through a letter. The painful emotions of a broken body and heart no doubt embittered Hemingway. CHARACTER SKETCH: Lieutenant Frederic Henry The hero and genuinely detached storyteller, Henry is a youthful American ambulance driver with the Italian armed force. Nonetheless, he doesn’t feel emphatical about the reason and unquestionably isn’t out for wonderfulness. He turns from the revulsions of war to an enthusiastic, dreamer relationship with Catherine Barkley, and the all-devouring adoration occupies him from the fierceness around him. All things considered, he is great at his activity; an even-tempered, unselfish man who practices beauty underweight when he is harmed and when he should shoot a forsaking designing officer, Henry satisfies the code of the â€Å"Hemingway legend.† He influences him â€Å"to isolate peace† when he concludes that he never again has any commitment to the armed force and that his devotion is to Catherine. Catherine Barkley A British Voluntary Aid Detachment, Catherine is in sorrow over her life partner’s current demise toward the begin of the novel. Henry offers an enticing bounce back, and she plunges into this new occupying love. She later concedes that she was marginally â€Å"insane† when she initially met Henry, and her conduct backs this up: she gives herself so promptly to a close odder, and her diversions of tease and prodding verge on the adolescent. Notwithstanding, she increases some measure of autonomy later on, as when she enables Henry to push the pontoon over the lake for their escape, however, she is ordinarily meek and anxious to please with Henry (though, surprisingly, so is he with her). Like Henry, she trusts the world is out to pulverize individuals’ satisfaction. THEMES: LOVE AS A RESPONSE TO HORRORS OF WAR AND WORLD Hemingway more than once underlines the horrendous destruction war has created for everybody included. From the opening record of cholera that executes â€Å"just† 7,000 men to the realistic depiction of the ordnance barrage to the degenerate brutality amid the Italian withdraw, A Farewell to Arms is among the most forthcoming against war books. Be that as it may, Hemingway does not only denounce war. Or maybe, he arraigns the world everywhere for its environment of devastation. Henry as often as possible reflects the world’s emphasis on breaking and slaughtering everybody; it is as though the world can’t stand to give anybody a chance to stay upbeat and safe. Surely, at whatever point Henry and Catherine are happy, something goes along to interfere with it – be it Henry’s damage, his being sent back to the front, his looming capture, or, at long last, Catherine’s passing from labor. With such hopelessness going up against them every step of the way, the two swing to each other. Catherine, particularly, dives too effortlessly into adoration when she initially meets Henry. She concedes she was â€Å"insane† at, to begin with, no doubt finished the genuinely late passing of her life partner, however Henry, as well, capitulates to the allurements of affection. Love is a pleasurable preoccupation (see Games, beneath) that occupies darlings from the outside world; the two regularly disclose to each other not to consider whatever else, as it is excessively excruciating. Covered up inside the safe house of Catherine’s delightful hair, Henry and Catherine feel shielded from the savage outside world. The significant issue with such idealist adore is, as Henry and different characters bring up a few times, one doesn’t generally know the â€Å"stakes† of affection until the point that it is finished, or that one doesn’t think about something until the point that one has lost it. Henry barely enables himself to consider existence without Catherine while he is infatuated, and once he loses her, it appears to be far-fetched that he will recuperate.

Angels Demons Chapter 86-88

86 No light. No sound. The Secret Archives were black. Fear, Langdon now realized, was an intense motivator. Short of breath, he fumbled through the blackness toward the revolving door. He found the button on the wall and rammed his palm against it. Nothing happened. He tried again. The door was dead. Spinning blind, he called out, but his voice emerged strangled. The peril of his predicament suddenly closed in around him. His lungs strained for oxygen as the adrenaline doubled his heart rate. He felt like someone had just punched him in the gut. When he threw his weight into the door, for an instant he thought he felt the door start to turn. He pushed again, seeing stars. Now he realized it was the entire room turning, not the door. Staggering away, Langdon tripped over the base of a rolling ladder and fell hard. He tore his knee against the edge of a book stack. Swearing, he got up and groped for the ladder. He found it. He had hoped it would be heavy wood or iron, but it was aluminum. He grabbed the ladder and held it like a battering ram. Then he ran through the dark at the glass wall. It was closer than he thought. The ladder hit head-on, bouncing off. From the feeble sound of the collision, Langdon knew he was going to need a hell of a lot more than an aluminum ladder to break this glass. When he flashed on the semiautomatic, his hopes surged and then instantly fell. The weapon was gone. Olivetti had relieved him of it in the Pope's office, saying he did not want loaded weapons around with the camerlegno present. It made sense at the time. Langdon called out again, making less sound than the last time. Next he remembered the walkie-talkie the guard had left on the table outside the vault. Why the hell didn't I bring it in! As the purple stars began to dance before his eyes, Langdon forced himself to think. You've been trapped before, he told himself. You survived worse. You were just a kid and you figured it out. The crushing darkness came flooding in. Think! Langdon lowered himself onto the floor. He rolled over on his back and laid his hands at his sides. The first step was to gain control. Relax. Conserve. No longer fighting gravity to pump blood, Langdon's heart began to slow. It was a trick swimmers used to re-oxygenate their blood between tightly scheduled races. There is plenty of air in here, he told himself. Plenty. Now think. He waited, half-expecting the lights to come back on at any moment. They did not. As he lay there, able to breathe better now, an eerie resignation came across him. He felt peaceful. He fought it. You will move, damn it! But where†¦ On Langdon's wrist, Mickey Mouse glowed happily as if enjoying the dark: 9:33 P.M. Half an hour until Fire. Langdon thought it felt a whole hell of a lot later. His mind, instead of coming up with a plan for escape, was suddenly demanding an explanation. Who turned off the power? Was Rocher expanding his search? Wouldn't Olivetti have warned Rocher that I'm in here! Langdon knew at this point it made no difference. Opening his mouth wide and tipping back his head, Langdon pulled the deepest breaths he could manage. Each breath burned a little less than the last. His head cleared. He reeled his thoughts in and forced the gears into motion. Glass walls, he told himself. But damn thick glass. He wondered if any of the books in here were stored in heavy, steel, fireproof file cabinets. Langdon had seen them from time to time in other archives but had seen none here. Besides, finding one in the dark could prove time-consuming. Not that he could lift one anyway, particularly in his present state. How about the examination table? Langdon knew this vault, like the other, had an examination table in the center of the stacks. So what? He knew he couldn't lift it. Not to mention, even if he could drag it, he wouldn't get it far. The stacks were closely packed, the aisles between them far too narrow. The aisles are too narrow†¦ Suddenly, Langdon knew. With a burst of confidence, he jumped to his feet far too fast. Swaying in the fog of a head rush, he reached out in the dark for support. His hand found a stack. Waiting a moment, he forced himself to conserve. He would need all of his strength to do this. Positioning himself against the book stack like a football player against a training sled, he planted his feet and pushed. If I can somehow tip the shelf. But it barely moved. He realigned and pushed again. His feet slipped backward on the floor. The stack creaked but did not move. He needed leverage. Finding the glass wall again, he placed one hand on it to guide him as he raced in the dark toward the far end of the vault. The back wall loomed suddenly, and he collided with it, crushing his shoulder. Cursing, Langdon circled the shelf and grabbed the stack at about eye level. Then, propping one leg on the glass behind him and another on the lower shelves, he started to climb. Books fell around him, fluttering into the darkness. He didn't care. Instinct for survival had long since overridden archival decorum. He sensed his equilibrium was hampered by the total darkness and closed his eyes, coaxing his brain to ignore visual input. He moved faster now. The air felt leaner the higher he went. He scrambled toward the upper shelves, stepping on books, trying to gain purchase, heaving himself upward. Then, like a rock climber conquering a rock face, Langdon grasped the top shelf. Stretching his legs out behind him, he walked his feet up the glass wall until he was almost horizontal. Now or never, Robert, a voice urged. Just like the leg press in the Harvard gym. With dizzying exertion, he planted his feet against the wall behind him, braced his arms and chest against the stack, and pushed. Nothing happened. Fighting for air, he repositioned and tried again, extending his legs. Ever so slightly, the stack moved. He pushed again, and the stack rocked forward an inch or so and then back. Langdon took advantage of the motion, inhaling what felt like an oxygenless breath and heaving again. The shelf rocked farther. Like a swing set, he told himself. Keep the rhythm. A little more. Langdon rocked the shelf, extending his legs farther with each push. His quadriceps burned now, and he blocked the pain. The pendulum was in motion. Three more pushes, he urged himself. It only took two. There was an instant of weightless uncertainty. Then, with a thundering of books sliding off the shelves, Langdon and the shelf were falling forward. Halfway to the ground, the shelf hit the stack next to it. Langdon hung on, throwing his weight forward, urging the second shelf to topple. There was a moment of motionless panic, and then, creaking under the weight, the second stack began to tip. Langdon was falling again. Like enormous dominoes, the stacks began to topple, one after another. Metal on metal, books tumbling everywhere. Langdon held on as his inclined stack bounced downward like a ratchet on a jack. He wondered how many stacks there were in all. How much would they weigh? The glass at the far end was thick†¦ Langdon's stack had fallen almost to the horizontal when he heard what he was waiting for – a different kind of collision. Far off. At the end of the vault. The sharp smack of metal on glass. The vault around him shook, and Langdon knew the final stack, weighted down by the others, had hit the glass hard. The sound that followed was the most unwelcome sound Langdon had ever heard. Silence. There was no crashing of glass, only the resounding thud as the wall accepted the weight of the stacks now propped against it. He lay wide-eyed on the pile of books. Somewhere in the distance there was a creaking. Langdon would have held his breath to listen, but he had none left to hold. One second. Two†¦ Then, as he teetered on the brink of unconsciousness, Langdon heard a distant yielding†¦ a ripple spidering outward through the glass. Suddenly, like a cannon, the glass exploded. The stack beneath Langdon collapsed to the floor. Like welcome rain on a desert, shards of glass tinkled downward in the dark. With a great sucking hiss, the air gushed in. Thirty seconds later, in the Vatican Grottoes, Vittoria was standing before a corpse when the electronic squawk of a walkie-talkie broke the silence. The voice blaring out sounded short of breath. â€Å"This is Robert Langdon! Can anyone hear me?† Vittoria looked up. Robert! She could not believe how much she suddenly wished he were there. The guards exchanged puzzled looks. One took a radio off his belt. â€Å"Mr. Langdon? You are on channel three. The commander is waiting to hear from you on channel one.† â€Å"I know he's on channel one, damn it! I don't want to speak to him. I want the camerlegno. Now! Somebody find him for me.† In the obscurity of the Secret Archives, Langdon stood amidst shattered glass and tried to catch his breath. He felt a warm liquid on his left hand and knew he was bleeding. The camerlegno's voice spoke at once, startling Langdon. â€Å"This is Camerlegno Ventresca. What's going on?† Langdon pressed the button, his heart still pounding. â€Å"I think somebody just tried to kill me!† There was a silence on the line. Langdon tried to calm himself. â€Å"I also know where the next killing is going to be.† The voice that came back was not the camerlegno's. It was Commander Olivetti's: â€Å"Mr. Langdon. Do not speak another word.† 87 Langdon's watch, now smeared with blood, read 9:41 P.M. as he ran across the Courtyard of the Belvedere and approached the fountain outside the Swiss Guard security center. His hand had stopped bleeding and now felt worse than it looked. As he arrived, it seemed everyone convened at once – Olivetti, Rocher, the camerlegno, Vittoria, and a handful of guards. Vittoria hurried toward him immediately. â€Å"Robert, you're hurt.† Before Langdon could answer, Olivetti was before him. â€Å"Mr. Langdon, I'm relieved you're okay. I'm sorry about the crossed signals in the archives.† â€Å"Crossed signals?† Langdon demanded. â€Å"You knew damn well – â€Å" â€Å"It was my fault,† Rocher said, stepping forward, sounding contrite. â€Å"I had no idea you were in the archives. Portions of our white zones are cross-wired with that building. We were extending our search. I'm the one who killed power. If I had known†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Robert,† Vittoria said, taking his wounded hand in hers and looking it over, â€Å"the Pope was poisoned. The Illuminati killed him.† Langdon heard the words, but they barely registered. He was saturated. All he could feel was the warmth of Vittoria's hands. The camerlegno pulled a silk handkerchief from his cassock and handed it to Langdon so he could clean himself. The man said nothing. His green eyes seemed filled with a new fire. â€Å"Robert,† Vittoria pressed, â€Å"you said you found where the next cardinal is going to be killed?† Langdon felt flighty. â€Å"I do, it's at the – â€Å" â€Å"No,† Olivetti interrupted. â€Å"Mr. Langdon, when I asked you not to speak another word on the walkie-talkie, it was for a reason.† He turned to the handful of assembled Swiss Guards. â€Å"Excuse us, gentlemen.† The soldiers disappeared into the security center. No indignity. Only compliance. Olivetti turned back to the remaining group. â€Å"As much as it pains me to say this, the murder of our Pope is an act that could only have been accomplished with help from within these walls. For the good of all, we can trust no one. Including our guards.† He seemed to be suffering as he spoke the words. Rocher looked anxious. â€Å"Inside collusion implies – â€Å" â€Å"Yes,† Olivetti said. â€Å"The integrity of your search is compromised. And yet it is a gamble we must take. Keep looking.† Rocher looked like he was about to say something, thought better of it, and left. The camerlegno inhaled deeply. He had not said a word yet, and Langdon sensed a new rigor in the man, as if a turning point had been reached. â€Å"Commander?† The camerlegno's tone was impermeable. â€Å"I am going to break conclave.† Olivetti pursed his lips, looking dour. â€Å"I advise against it. We still have two hours and twenty minutes.† â€Å"A heartbeat.† Olivetti's tone was now challenging â€Å"What do you intend to do? Evacuate the cardinals single-handedly?† â€Å"I intend to save this church with whatever power God has given me. How I proceed is no longer your concern.† Olivetti straightened. â€Å"Whatever you intend to do†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He paused. â€Å"I do not have the authority to restrain you. Particularly in light of my apparent failure as head of security. I ask only that you wait. Wait twenty minutes†¦ until after ten o'clock. If Mr. Langdon's information is correct, I may still have a chance to catch this assassin. There is still a chance to preserve protocol and decorum.† â€Å"Decorum?† The camerlegno let out a choked laugh. â€Å"We have long since passed propriety, commander. In case you hadn't noticed, this is war.† A guard emerged from the security center and called out to the camerlegno, â€Å"Signore, I just got word we have detained the BBC reporter, Mr. Glick.† The camerlegno nodded. â€Å"Have both he and his camerawoman meet me outside the Sistine Chapel.† Olivetti's eyes widened. â€Å"What are you doing?† â€Å"Twenty minutes, commander. That's all I'm giving you.† Then he was gone. When Olivetti's Alpha Romeo tore out of Vatican City, this time there was no line of unmarked cars following him. In the back seat, Vittoria bandaged Langdon's hand with a first-aid kit she'd found in the glove box. Olivetti stared straight ahead. â€Å"Okay, Mr. Langdon. Where are we going?† 88 Even with its siren now affixed and blaring, Olivetti's Alpha Romeo seemed to go unnoticed as it rocketed across the bridge into the heart of old Rome. All the traffic was moving in the other direction, toward the Vatican, as if the Holy See had suddenly become the hottest entertainment in Rome. Langdon sat in the backseat, the questions whipping through his mind. He wondered about the killer, if they would catch him this time, if he would tell them what they needed to know, if it was already too late. How long before the camerlegno told the crowd in St. Peter's Square they were in danger? The incident in the vault still nagged. A mistake. Olivetti never touched the brakes as he snaked the howling Alpha Romeo toward the Church of Santa Maria della Vittoria. Langdon knew on any other day his knuckles would have been white. At the moment, however, he felt anesthetized. Only the throbbing in his hand reminded him where he was. Overhead, the siren wailed. Nothing like telling him we're coming, Langdon thought. And yet they were making incredible time. He guessed Olivetti would kill the siren as they drew nearer. Now with a moment to sit and reflect, Langdon felt a tinge of amazement as the news of the Pope's murder finally registered in his mind. The thought was inconceivable, and yet somehow it seemed a perfectly logical event. Infiltration had always been the Illuminati powerbase – rearrangements of power from within. And it was not as if Popes had never been murdered. Countless rumors of treachery abounded, although with no autopsy, none was ever confirmed. Until recently. Academics not long ago had gotten permission to X-ray the tomb of Pope Celestine V, who had allegedly died at the hands of his overeager successor, Boniface VIII. The researchers had hoped the X-ray might reveal some small hint of foul play – a broken bone perhaps. Incredibly, the X-ray had revealed a ten-inch nail driven into the Pope's skull. Langdon now recalled a series of news clippings fellow Illuminati buffs had sent him years ago. At first he had thought the clippings were a prank, so he'd gone to the Harvard microfiche collection to confirm the articles were authentic. Incredibly, they were. He now kept them on his bulletin board as examples of how even respectable news organizations sometimes got carried away with Illuminati paranoia. Suddenly, the media's suspicions seemed a lot less paranoid. Langdon could see the articles clearly in his mind†¦ The British Broadcasting Corporation June 14, 1998 Pope John Paul I, who died in 1978, fell victim to a plot by the P2 Masonic Lodge†¦ The secret society P2 decided to murder John Paul I when it saw he was determined to dismiss the American Archbishop Paul Marcinkus as President of the Vatican Bank. The Bank had been implicated in shady financial deals with the Masonic Lodge†¦ The New York Times August 24, 1998 Why was the late John Paul I wearing his day shirt in bed? Why was it torn? The questions don't stop there. No medical investigations were made. Cardinal Villot forbade an autopsy on the grounds that no Pope was ever given a postmortem. And John Paul's medicines mysteriously vanished from his bedside, as did his glasses, slippers and his last will and testament. London Daily Mail August 27, 1998 †¦ a plot including a powerful, ruthless and illegal Masonic lodge with tentacles stretching into the Vatican. The cellular in Vittoria's pocket rang, thankfully erasing the memories from Langdon's mind. Vittoria answered, looking confused as to who might be calling her. Even from a few feet away, Langdon recognized the laserlike voice on the phone. â€Å"Vittoria? This is Maximilian Kohler. Have you found the antimatter yet?† â€Å"Max? You're okay?† â€Å"I saw the news. There was no mention of CERN or the antimatter. This is good. What is happening?† â€Å"We haven't located the canister yet. The situation is complex. Robert Langdon has been quite an asset. We have a lead on catching the man assassinating cardinals. Right now we are headed – â€Å" â€Å"Ms. Vetra,† Olivetti interrupted. â€Å"You've said enough.† She covered the receiver, clearly annoyed. â€Å"Commander, this is the president of CERN. Certainly he has a right to – â€Å" â€Å"He has a right,† Olivetti snapped, â€Å"to be here handling this situation. You're on an open cellular line. You've said enough.† Vittoria took a deep breath. â€Å"Max?† â€Å"I may have some information for you,† Max said. â€Å"About your father†¦ I may know who he told about the antimatter.† Vittoria's expression clouded. â€Å"Max, my father said he told no one.† â€Å"I'm afraid, Vittoria, your father did tell someone. I need to check some security records. I will be in touch soon.† The line went dead. Vittoria looked waxen as she returned the phone to her pocket. â€Å"You okay?† Langdon asked. Vittoria nodded, her trembling fingers revealing the lie. â€Å"The church is on Piazza Barberini,† Olivetti said, killing the siren and checking his watch. â€Å"We have nine minutes.† When Langdon had first realized the location of the third marker, the position of the church had rung some distant bell for him. Piazza Barberini. Something about the name was familiar†¦ something he could not place. Now Langdon realized what it was. The piazza was the sight of a controversial subway stop. Twenty years ago, construction of the subway terminal had created a stir among art historians who feared digging beneath Piazza Barberini might topple the multiton obelisk that stood in the center. City planners had removed the obelisk and replaced it with a small fountain called the Triton. In Bernini's day, Langdon now realized, Piazza Barberini had contained an obelisk! Whatever doubts Langdon had felt that this was the location of the third marker now totally evaporated. A block from the piazza, Olivetti turned into an alley, gunned the car halfway down, and skidded to a stop. He pulled off his suit jacket, rolled up his sleeves, and loaded his weapon. â€Å"We can't risk your being recognized,† he said. â€Å"You two were on television. I want you across the piazza, out of sight, watching the front entrance. I'm going in the back.† He produced a familiar pistol and handed it to Langdon. â€Å"Just in case.† Langdon frowned. It was the second time today he had been handed the gun. He slid it into his breast pocket. As he did, he realized he was still carrying the folio from Diagramma. He couldn't believe he had forgotten to leave it behind. He pictured the Vatican Curator collapsing in spasms of outrage at the thought of this priceless artifact being packed around Rome like some tourist map. Then Langdon thought of the mess of shattered glass and strewn documents that he'd left behind in the archives. The curator had other problems. If the archives even survive the night†¦ Olivetti got out of the car and motioned back up the alley. â€Å"The piazza is that way. Keep your eyes open and don't let yourselves be seen.† He tapped the phone on his belt. â€Å"Ms. Vetra, let's retest our auto dial.† Vittoria removed her phone and hit the auto dial number she and Olivetti had programmed at the Pantheon. Olivetti's phone vibrated in silent-ring mode on his belt. The commander nodded. â€Å"Good. If you see anything, I want to know.† He cocked his weapon. â€Å"I'll be inside waiting. This heathen is mine.† At that moment, very nearby, another cellular phone was ringing. The Hassassin answered. â€Å"Speak.† â€Å"It is I,† the voice said. â€Å"Janus.† The Hassassin smiled. â€Å"Hello, master.† â€Å"Your position may be known. Someone is coming to stop you.† â€Å"They are too late. I have already made the arrangements here.† â€Å"Good. Make sure you escape alive. There is work yet to be done.† â€Å"Those who stand in my way will die.† â€Å"Those who stand in your way are knowledgeable.† â€Å"You speak of an American scholar?† â€Å"You are aware of him?† The Hassassin chuckled. â€Å"Cool-tempered but naive. He spoke to me on the phone earlier. He is with a female who seems quite the opposite.† The killer felt a stirring of arousal as he recalled the fiery temperament of Leonardo Vetra's daughter. There was a momentary silence on the line, the first hesitation the Hassassin had ever sensed from his Illuminati master. Finally, Janus spoke. â€Å"Eliminate them if need be.† The killer smiled. â€Å"Consider it done.† He felt a warm anticipation spreading through his body. Although the woman I may keep as a prize.